VF treated by an electrical shock

Patient

This 31-year-old man received a Lumax 340 VR-T single chamber defibrillator for the management of Brugada syndrome and history of aborted sudden death; he suffered a syncopal episode and an event report (yellow color) was issued in the context of a classified VF.

Main programmed settings

  • VF zone (270 ms limit), VT1 zone (330 ms limit)
  • 8 /12 cycles in the VF zone and 10 cycles in the VT1 zone were needed for the diagnosis
  • Maximum sensitivity programmed at 0.8 mV
  • VF zone: 8 shocks of maximum strength (40 J); VT1 zone: monitor only; no therapy programmed;
  • Pacing mode: VVI at 30 bpm


Trace

Remote tracing

The 3 channels available are: 1) the markers with the time intervals, 2) the shock channel (FF =  far field) between the coil of the RV lead and the pulse generator, and 3) the RV sensing channel.

  1. spontaneous rhythm;
  2. VES;
  3. irregular, polymorphous tachycardia with ultra short cycles detected in the VF zone;
  4. classification of the episode in the VF zone after 8 cycles classified VF (the counter was 8/12 filled); the average RR at the time of initial detection (167 ms) is the average of 4 cycles preceding the diagnosis, consistent with an extremely rapid tachycardia (>350 bpm); in the VF zone the stability and sudden onset criteria were analyzed though were not integrated in the discrimination (no discrimination other than the rate in that zone);
  5. 40-J electrical shock;
  6. termination of the arrhythmia;
  7. end of the episode after 12 consecutive cycles classified Vs (12/16 Vs cycles); the average RR at the end of the episode (660 ms) corresponds to the average of 4 cycles preceding the end of the episode;

Programmer tracing (same episode)

The 3 channels are the same as for the remote tracing.

  1. after the classification in the VF zone, the onset of the charge of the capacitors (dark horizontal line); continuation of the polymorphous and rapid arrhythmia during the charge;
  2. end of the charge;
  3. at the end of the charge, one ventricle is not sensed; this is, however, not due to undersensing. This ventricular event fell in the blanking period, 50 ms after the end of the charge. The defibrillator was looking for a short cycle at the end of the charge, and had to wait to deliver the shock on the next Vs classified cycle;
  4. cycle classified VF and delivery of a 40-J and 53-Ohm impedance;
  5. successful shock and termination of the arrhythmia.

Comments

The main function of a defibrillator is to prevent sudden death and terminate VF with an electrical shock. This tracing illustrates the normal function of a defibrillator. The episode, diagnosed in the VF zone was properly detected and successfully treated with an electrical shock. The arrhythmia was immediately extremely rapid, polymorphous and disorganized. Any attempt at terminating this type of arrhythmia by ATP seemed futile, and an electrical shock was the therapy of choice. No discrimination of the arrhythmia origin is attempted in this rate range, despite the attempts by the device to find stability and sudden onset values. It is, however, noteworthy, that a stability analysis is applied in the decision to deliverer an ATP one shot. A series of defibrillating shocks is usually programmed in the VF zone. The strength of the first shock is programmed either at the maximum capable by the device (as in this case), or at a strength 10-J lower, or at a lower strength tested after the implant procedure. The higher the strength of the first shock, the longer the charge time and the longer the time between the onset of arrhythmia and the delivery of the shock. In this patient, the delay between the onset of arrhythmia and the shock was 14 sec, explaining the occurrence of syncope. The following shocks are usually programmed at a maximum strength. In the Biotronik defibrillators, the maximum number of shocks delivered for a given episode is limited to 8, with the last 6 necessarily at maximum strength. The likelihood of a successful shock after 8 failed attempts at maximum strength is, indeed, very low. The shock polarity (positive versus negative) can be alternated, starting with the first shock at maximum strength. On the other hand, the number of shocks must be limited in order to avoid a disastrous situation during the delivery of a series of inappropriate therapies.

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